教研爭鳴Brief Analysis of the Differences in Chinese andWestern Kinesics450002河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 河南鄭州鄭波Abstract: Kinesics plays an important six. But Americans will use one hand plus one inferiors to laugh first. In the USA, what peoplerole in communicating. Some are universal in finger of the other hand to symbolize it. Under this can’ t tolerate is being intruded into their privatethe world; some are peculiar to the specific situation, Chinese and Americans are far more space. Even between parents and children,cultures. Understanding the differences of likely to cause communicative barriers.intrusion is impolite and improper. Before enteringkinesics in diferent cultures can better eliminateAlso, unique kinesics to one culture can children ’s room, parents should knock themisunderstanding.also result in communication gap in interculturaldoor. So the behavior of almost zero body contactKey words: kinesics; understanding;different culturestourist puts his or her thumb up by the road in2. Linearity vs. SpiralityChina, no car will stop. If a Chinese pinches theGenerally speaking, the mode of thinkingKinesics includes facial expressions, thumb on the lite finger, a ltte part of which is of Chinese is spirality. Part of the reason is thatgestures, postures and eye contact,etc. Kinesics is left out, his or her American partner may take it as China has been under the impact of Confucianism,an important form of non -verbal communication. nothing.Taoism and Buddhism for a long time. These threeUsing Kinesics wrongly can lead to failure in，Cultural Analysis of the thoughts emphasize the power of understanding,interpersonal communication, or even conflicts in Differences in Chinese and Western which lead to that Chinese are implieit andinternational communication.Kinesicsemphasize euphemism. At the same time, the1. Communicat ive Prob lems CausedMost kinesics is formed during the process behavior and mode of thinking of W esternersby the Differences in Chinese and of growing u and can be transferred from one are greatly under the impact of Aristotle logicgeneration to another. At the samne time, diferent and rational thinking. So in contrast, the mode1. Misunderstandingnations have different histories, religious beliefs, of thinking of Americans is linearity, whichSome kinesics in different cultures may values and modes of thinking. The diferences in means that Americans like to show and exposese and Western kinesimeanings. For example, in terms of interpersonal different cultural backgrounds.the habit of guessing what others are thinking,space, in China, being close in distance means1. Collectivism vs. Individualismw esterners prefer to be frank and speak what theybeing intimate in relation; in the west, appropriateTo Chinese, cllctivimn is more important are thinking directly.distance means respect.than individualism. At any time, the individualIn China, during a talk, even if one .Especially when comparing Chinese and should obey the collective. When the personal communicator dislikes the topic, he will notWestern gestures, it is easy to find that there interest contradicts with the cllective interest, appear to be bored. Instead, he will pretend tomany same gesticulations that have diferentthe individual should give up or sacrifice hisinterested in the topie. Also this is themeanings in W esterm and Chinese cultures. If an interest to protect the interest of the group. In the reason why Chinese and Americans have differentAmerican keeps his fingers erossed before his hierarchy of priority, the group is always prior to opinions towards one action. For example, thechest, Chinese usually take it as the number ten the individual. However, in W estern culture, the action of rotating one’s fingers in China meansrather than the symbol of praying. If a Chinese conception relatedto“T” (self) is grained and showing off, but in America, it means beingrotates his ring to show off his wealth before hisomnipresent. There are many terms, such as self- nervous.American communicator, he may be understood absorption, self-admiration, self- -cultivation and3. Modesty vs. franknessas being nervous while talking. If an American self- -image, ete, whose meanings are slf-centeredThe values of W esterners and Chinese areuses his hand to draw circle around his temple，in English. This is especially true with Americans totallyChinese understand it as the meaning of thinking who emphasize individualism. In their opinion, pay much attention to modesty and harmonyhard instead of the meaning of looking down. everyone is a unique individual, they should have of interpersonal relations and dislike head-onIfa graceful woman in China leaves her lttle individual feedom and personal interest.collision. W hen talking. Chinese like to circlefinger aside when handing a cup to her AmericanIn traditional culture, Chinese hold thearound the core meaning, which leaves Americansguest, the guest thinks that the woman is afraid of attitude of oppressing personal desire and being a deep impression that they don’t know whatmaking her hand dirty. If an American is invited tolerant towards others ’mistake. Confucius Chinese are talking about. In contrast, Americansto a Chinese family, after the meal, the American taught people to be tolerant and broad- -minded. always give the priority tomay have the habit of crossing and moving the A saying goes that to carry forward the heaven’s They will speak what they are thinking in theirhand near the neck to express the meaning“Iam justice and to wipe out the personal desire. mind to reach their goals. Accordingly, Chinesefull”" . However, this gesture in China means to In other words, using the manners of the sage dislike frankness of W esterners and regard thiskill oneself.constraints the personal desire. However, in the frankness as being impolite. Because the value2. Communication gapwest, under the influence of Christianity, people is the core of the culture and is a decisive powerBecause of different cultural backgrounds,pay more attention to personal feeling and need.of the action, this difference has great influencesometimes a certain meaningiChinese are tolerantby different kinesics, which may cause being pushed by other people. For examp中國煤化Istemers is diret andcommunication gap. In expressing numbers with the bus, people stand closely to other passermuch talk means morefingers, Chinese tend to use the fingers of one On a crowed bus, you may even feel the b:MYHC N M H Gre catious abou theirhand. For example, Chinese usually reach out of others. When meeting something funny, if behaviors and words. These diferences in valuesthe thumb and the lttle finger to indicate number the leader doesn’↑ smile, it is impolite for the lead to differences in gestures. As discussed都市家教146教研爭鳴before, Chinese gestures are moderate while W estern gestures are exaggerating.1課題計劃研究步驟及實施時間安排Chinese always think highly of being modest. When others praise you, you should高一至高三三個年級的每節(jié)體育課安排五至十分鐘not appear to be very happy, even if you feel joyful in your inner heart. Otherwise, you will的課課練的內(nèi)容。be regarded as being too proud. Chinese have the habit of saying“I am not doing well2研究對象與方法enough.”and pretend to be cealm. In contrast, in America, people will be frank enough2.1 研究對象:全體在校學(xué)生to express what they are feeling both in words and kinesics. Under this same situation, an2.2 研究方法:文獻(xiàn)資料法、授課指導(dǎo)法，比賽促American will smile and say“thank you!"4. Vanity vs. honesty2.3課題所要解決的問題Since ancient times, Chinese people have been paying special attention to their課課練是增強學(xué)生體質(zhì)，活躍課堂氛圍的主要手段faces. Especially during more than two thousand years’feudal period, face can not之一，但是在現(xiàn)實的教學(xué)中多運用“快樂體育”、“成be offended. Face is an important principle to adjust and control social behavior. Face功體育”淡化了技能教學(xué)和輕視體能訓(xùn)練，是學(xué)生的體behavior is an instrumental behavior to maintain the harmony of social relationship and質(zhì)沒有得到保障而下降，為了使體育課課練在體育教學(xué)stability. Chinese have atached too much importance to their faces. Sometimes, in order to中發(fā)揮更好的作用，我們提出在體育課中進(jìn)行課課練拓save their face, they would do something against their will. This over- stress on faces can展與實踐進(jìn)行開發(fā)與運用的研究。easily lead to vanity. For example, in order to save face, Chinese will not easily reject the3課題研究所要達(dá)到的目標(biāo)request of others. Even if he can not meet the request temporarily, he will also take some提高體育課的效率，切實做好體compensatory action.育課工作成效，真正達(dá)到培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的When you ask a Chinese for help, he is usually reluctant tosay " no”even if he運動能力，增強學(xué)生的體質(zhì)，是每一體could do nothing to help for fear of losing face. But in America, people would honestly say個體育教師的責(zé)任，我們要不斷地學(xué)“sorry, I can not help you”under the same cireumstance.習(xí)，不斷地創(chuàng)新，不斷地總結(jié)。研究育However, it doesn’t mean that Americans don' t care about their faces. Compared課課練增強學(xué)生體質(zhì)的實效性，使學(xué)with Americans, Chinese are much cared about this.生能在體育課中更好的學(xué)習(xí)和鍛煉，課5. Long power distance vs. short power distance使學(xué)生的體質(zhì)不斷得到增強，讓課課Power distance is a dimension that distinguishes one culture from another. Power練內(nèi)容的拓展與實踐成為體育課這一distance is the range of how the power that is socially recognized and accepted is舞臺的亮點。distributed among the organizations unevenly. Different nations hold different atiudes4本課題實踐的重要意義練towards the importance of power, the power distance. Americans don’t pay much atention本課題實踐的重要意義在于以下to power and emphasize individual ability. However, because of the influence of more than幾個方面:內(nèi)two thousand years ’feudal system, Chinese prefer power and its great influence. So4.1 體育課課練其本身的功能就有America belongs to the nation of short power distance, while China belongs to the nation of競爭性、趣味性、健身性和教育性等，long power distance. People in the nation of long power distance reckon that power is a fact特別是健身性方面，只要我們有目的的beyond the good and evil and has no relationship with legitimacy. The person who has the有計劃而循序漸進(jìn)的開展課課練，那市power has privilege and has priority over the inferiors. The conception of power distance么就會把健身以及增強體質(zhì)體現(xiàn)得淋第afects interpersonal distance in communication.拓漓盡致。4.2中學(xué)生都具有活潑、好動、好distance is long. Also there are strict regulations about body movement. For example, the勝和積極.上進(jìn)的心理特征。如果體育展monarch sits while his courtiers stand. Father sits while his son stands. The leader sits教師在教學(xué)活動中，能啟發(fā)調(diào)動他們while his employees stand. While in America, interpersonal distance is short. Namely,學(xué)習(xí)鍛煉的積極性，根據(jù)每次教學(xué)活俊與China belongs to the nation of high body contact; America is in the queue of low body動的內(nèi)容，課的后半部分利用8-10contact.分鐘左右的時間，把學(xué)生分成若干興實I1. Conc lusion趣小組,進(jìn)行部分項目(如短跑、長跑、踐After the analysis of the dfferencee of Chinese and w estern kinesics, it can be .投擲、跳躍、球類等)的練習(xí),一方concluded that kinesics of different cultural backgrounds ereate different interpretations.面保證身體索質(zhì)的練習(xí)效果，另- -方Difficulties arise if the receivers are unaware of the type of kinesics messages the senders面可以幫助學(xué)生養(yǎng)成終身體育鍛煉的are encoding It is aimed that such comparison of kinesics can provide readers with習(xí)慣。awareness of such differences and proper interpretations of some Chinese & W estern4.3學(xué)生在集體的配合下，共同前施kinesics so as to ensure smooth intercultural communications. Only when we have a clear進(jìn)，共同完成課課練，能激勵學(xué)生的understanding of the similarities and differences on kinesics, we can use kinesics to make學(xué)習(xí)興趣。這樣，先提高學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)方an eficient communication and avoid misunderstanding.興趣，再增強他們的好勝心理，最后案Bibliography:[1] R. A. Hudson， Sociolinguistics [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language再進(jìn)行練習(xí)，使學(xué)生能主動進(jìn)行練習(xí),不覺得累和討厭。Teaching and Research Publishers, 20004.4體育課課練如果采用與游戲結(jié)[2] E.T. Hal1. The Silent Language [M]. New York: Random House Inc, 2005[3] Ray L. Birdwhistel1. Introduction to body language [M]. Michigan:合，不僅可以提高學(xué)生練習(xí)的興趣，而且可以達(dá)到體力活動與智力活動相結(jié)合、富有良好的學(xué)習(xí)與促進(jìn)氛圍。Dept. of State, Foreign Service Institute, 1952[4] 張建青.淺談身勢語[M].濟(jì)南: 山東師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院報(基礎(chǔ)英語通過課課練，不僅可以鍛煉身體素質(zhì)，也可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的品德，增長學(xué)生的運動知識。教育)，2004, 64.5“課課練”始于20世紀(jì)80年代，是在“大綱時[5] 賈玉新.跨文化交際學(xué)[M].上海:上海外語教育出版社，1997[6]鄧炎昌，劉潤清。語言與文化[M].北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社. 1989t”精神指引下開展的。課程改革至今， “快樂體育”[7]胡文仲。跨文化非語言交際[M]. 北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，1999 .“成功體育”悄然興起，人們逐步淡化了技能教學(xué)和輕[8]竇衛(wèi)霖。跨文化商務(wù)交際[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社，2005中國煤化工課課練”淡出了大家精神，重新進(jìn)行拓展作者簡介:CNMH G鄭波(1976~)，男，湖北天門人，學(xué)士，河南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院講師，主5“課課練”內(nèi)容的選擇原則要研究方向為英美文學(xué)。5.1根據(jù)高中生身體素質(zhì)發(fā)展的敏感期來做選擇。147都市家教教研爭鳴創(chuàng)設(shè)“說”的情景，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生思維能力642350四川省安岳縣高升鄉(xiāng)中心小學(xué)周強[摘要]語言是思維的工具，也是思 沒有鴨。通過創(chuàng)設(shè)豐富的語言素材后，再讓 概念進(jìn)行表述，其中就有許多同學(xué)把“有三維的結(jié)果。數(shù)學(xué)課作為邏輯性很強的一門學(xué)學(xué)生看圖說話，這樣既培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的形象思條線段圍成的圖形叫做 三角形?！北M管是一科，加強學(xué)生思維活動的條理性、語言表達(dá)維能力， 又為學(xué)生的口頭表達(dá)提供了依據(jù)，字之差， 但表現(xiàn)的事實卻截然不同，反映了的準(zhǔn)確性、完整性訓(xùn)練，對于準(zhǔn)確掌握數(shù)學(xué)當(dāng)學(xué)生認(rèn)識了沒有可用 “0”來表示時，又要學(xué)生對 “圍成”的涵義特點沒有透徹理解。知識、提高教學(xué)效率具有不可估量的作用。求學(xué)生用- -句完整的話說明所舉例的事物可引 導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過擺學(xué)具,畫圖形進(jìn)行辨析以后，[關(guān)鍵詞]生活情景;說;興趣用“0”來表示，這樣又讓學(xué)生結(jié)合“0再讓學(xué)生對錯誤表述中的不嚴(yán)密性進(jìn)行闡述。來聯(lián)想生活素材，所以只有讓學(xué)生有充分的如果說語 文學(xué)科要求學(xué)生口頭表達(dá)的內(nèi)容更語言是思維的載體，也是思維的結(jié)果語言素材感知后，把枯燥的知識趣味化，把形象、生動的話，那么數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)科要求學(xué)生說引導(dǎo)學(xué)生運用準(zhǔn)確的數(shù)學(xué)語言表達(dá)思維過程靜 態(tài)的知識動態(tài)化，把書本知識直觀化，學(xué)話更準(zhǔn)確、精練。數(shù)學(xué)語言是一種特殊的語和結(jié)果，既可以使數(shù)學(xué)知識得以內(nèi)化，又能生才會易懂易掌握， 同時又啟迪了學(xué)生的思言， 需要準(zhǔn)確無誤，并且邏輯性強。而學(xué)生提高學(xué)生的語言表達(dá)能力，在教學(xué)中，教師維， 使學(xué)生會暢所欲言,滔滔不絕。具有良好地口頭表達(dá)能力和語言的理解能力,要根據(jù)學(xué)生年齡特點和教學(xué)內(nèi)容，有目的、三、 創(chuàng)設(shè)操作情景，幫助學(xué)生理清“說”對 數(shù)學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)也有著重要的幫助作用。所以有計劃地創(chuàng)設(shè)各種情景加強學(xué)生語言表達(dá)能的思路教學(xué)嚴(yán)格要求訓(xùn)練學(xué)生說話，有利于學(xué)生口力的訓(xùn)練，讓學(xué)生在課堂中多說，促進(jìn)思維用出聲的外部語 言表述操作活動，是智頭 表達(dá)能力的提高。發(fā)展，最終達(dá)到能力和智力的雙發(fā)展。力活動形成的五個基本階段之- -。著名教育五、創(chuàng)設(shè)游戲情景，激發(fā)學(xué)生“說"的創(chuàng)設(shè)情感情景，鼓勵學(xué)生“說”的心理學(xué)家皮亞杰認(rèn)為: 兒童的智力來自于動熱情作，而動作的發(fā)展取決于生理成熟和物體操有位兒童學(xué)家說過: “每 個兒童都是一贊可夫曾說過:“教學(xué)法- -旦觸及學(xué)生作。 教師在操作中引導(dǎo)學(xué)生邊操作、邊口述個 天生的玩家?！痹诮虒W(xué)中，適時創(chuàng)設(shè)游戲的情緒和意志領(lǐng)域，觸及學(xué)生的精神需求，操作過程，借助語言，把思維過程明確、清情景，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在玩中說可有效激發(fā)學(xué)生說就能發(fā)揮高度有效的作用?！睘榇耍诮虒W(xué)晰地表達(dá)出來。 例如:在教學(xué)- -年級 “同樣多、的興趣與熱情。 例如:在上一年級第一冊“第中我們十分重視情感情景的創(chuàng)設(shè)。在課堂上，多些、少些”時，首先讓學(xué)生擺一-擺， 即先幾” 這節(jié)課時，我先讓10個學(xué)生排好隊，并教師用親切、平等、商量的口吻與學(xué)生交流，擺出2個圓形.再擺出和圓形同樣多的三角形。做著 -個自已認(rèn)為最酷的姿勢，然后讓其他對學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)給予及時、恰當(dāng)?shù)脑u價;讓學(xué)許 多同學(xué)都很快擺出兩個三角形;然后讓學(xué)學(xué)生 說說你喜歡第幾個小朋友的姿勢，并且生以小老師的身份站在講臺上向同學(xué)解釋、生想一想，即啟發(fā)學(xué)生想剛才擺的過程:你說說你是 從左邊數(shù)還是從右邊數(shù)，這樣輪流說明;鼓勵學(xué)生發(fā)表與教師不同的意見和觀為什么要擺2 個三角形?學(xué)生借助剛才動手說， 學(xué)生的興趣很濃。調(diào)動學(xué)生的多種感官點，提出與課本不同的看法等等。在這樣的操作的演示， 組織自己較簡單的語言。這樣，參 與學(xué)習(xí)活動,避免了枯燥乏味的訓(xùn)練，較教學(xué)情景中，學(xué)生感到的是人格的尊重、自使學(xué)生 的感性認(rèn)識逐步達(dá)到抽象化，能借助好地激發(fā) 了學(xué)生說話的熱情。這樣學(xué)生在輕身價值的存在和智慧的展示以及愛的溫暖.較簡單的語言把思維過程表達(dá)出來，即理解松愉 快的說話氛圍中不知不覺中學(xué)會了新的從而讓學(xué)生逐步養(yǎng)成敢于在課堂上大膽地發(fā)了 “同樣多”的含義，也訓(xùn)練了學(xué)生的語言知識。 通過“說"增強了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)的興趣，表自己的見解與看法。表達(dá)能力。優(yōu)化了課堂的氣氛，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維能力，二、創(chuàng)設(shè)生活情景，提供學(xué)生“說”的四、創(chuàng)設(shè)問題情景，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生“說”得提高教學(xué)效果。嚴(yán)密總之，在數(shù)學(xué)課堂教學(xué)中，教師要把握我們在教學(xué)時要讓數(shù)學(xué)語言生活化，生奧蘇伯爾的有意學(xué)習(xí)理論認(rèn)為:創(chuàng)設(shè)處時 機，創(chuàng)設(shè)良好的說話情景，適時為學(xué)生提活情境數(shù)學(xué)化,密切聯(lián)系生活材料，創(chuàng)設(shè)情境，于學(xué)生 “最近發(fā)展區(qū)”的問題情景，能夠引供說話的機會, 循循善誘，導(dǎo)之以法，讓學(xué)以興趣激發(fā)學(xué)生會說，以事例引導(dǎo)學(xué)生會說。發(fā) 學(xué)生對知識本身發(fā)生興趣，進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生認(rèn)知生敢說、 多說、善說，使數(shù)學(xué)課堂教學(xué)成為比如對--年級教學(xué)“0”的認(rèn)識，我先創(chuàng)設(shè)情需要，產(chǎn)生--種要學(xué)習(xí)的心理傾向就能激發(fā)促進(jìn)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造思維發(fā)展的主陣地。境利用電腦出示四幅圖:①河里有3只鴨;學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)動機, 如在教學(xué)“三角形的特性”②河里有2只鴨:③河里有I只鴨;④河里這部分內(nèi)容時，教師放手讓學(xué)生對三角形的運動訓(xùn)練以及運動生理學(xué)實踐表明，薄弱，內(nèi)力水平也比較差，如果我們在課課足的情況。比如在排球以及乒乓球教學(xué)中，青少年的身體素質(zhì)發(fā)展具有明顯的年齡特練之中以此為重點來要求學(xué)生， 從促進(jìn)學(xué)生都是 上肢在用力，那么課課練的內(nèi)容就應(yīng)該征一運動素質(zhì)發(fā)展的敏感期。這一-時期的身 體全面而平衡發(fā)展的角度出發(fā)，重點抓好以下肢 和軀干部位為主，這樣既可以防止軀對于發(fā)展敏感期的素質(zhì)效果是非常理想的，上下肢腰腹等運動系統(tǒng)的力量以及耐力等薄體局部負(fù)荷過大而引起的疲勞，又可以彌補這就像民間俗語“三翻六坐九爬爬”所說的弱環(huán) 節(jié)練習(xí)。比如俯臥撐、俯撐屈伸腿髖、教學(xué)內(nèi)容 在學(xué)生身體全面發(fā)展中造成的不足。發(fā)展是如出一-轍的。運動訓(xùn)練實踐表明:十仰撐臂 屈伸、仰臥起坐、側(cè)臥起坐、仰臥舉腿、5.4根據(jù)課堂教學(xué)效果來做選擇,至十三歲速度素質(zhì)發(fā)展的最佳期(敏感期):仰臥兩頭起、俯臥抬上體、深蹲起、深蹲跳在體育教學(xué)中，身體素質(zhì)練習(xí)所組成的十二至+五歲是快速力量發(fā)展的最佳期;等等，學(xué)生的力量和耐力是有顯著差異性的，課課 練的內(nèi)容是需要科學(xué)合理搭配的，前后十三至十四歲 是靈敏素質(zhì)發(fā)展的最佳期;所以針對這 種狀況我們在課課練的過程之中時間的練習(xí)安排也是需要遵循身體運 動規(guī)律十六至十八歲是力量以及耐力發(fā)展的最佳期就必須 有針對性地選擇相應(yīng)的練習(xí)內(nèi)容作為的， 如果搭配及其前后時間安排的順序不合(敏感期)。所以在高中體育課課課練的內(nèi)重點， 因人施教區(qū)別對待，以促進(jìn)這部分同理， 必然會影響學(xué)生練習(xí)的效果。比如，在容選擇上應(yīng)該以力量以及耐力為重點，并以學(xué)的 索質(zhì)向大家看齊?？焖倥堋⒆兯倥艿人俣染毩?xí)的前面，適當(dāng)?shù)拇俗鳛檎n課練的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行教學(xué)，就能使學(xué)生5.3根據(jù)教材內(nèi)容來做選擇。此十強向小塹量的跳躍、俯臥撐擊的身體索質(zhì)得到顯著的提高。我們在體育課的學(xué)習(xí)之中- -般都是中國煤化工的發(fā)展是有益的;在5.2根據(jù)學(xué)生身體素質(zhì)薄弱環(huán)節(jié)的發(fā)展來個內(nèi) 容為主的，這就決定了我們不可能:[Hc N M H C非進(jìn)行耐力速度的課生身體素質(zhì)鍛煉的面面俱到，這個時候時候禮]量和耐力素質(zhì)等。從目前我校學(xué)生的總體身體素質(zhì)狀況來就可 以選擇課課練來起補充作用，同時達(dá)到說，上下肢腰腹等運動系統(tǒng)的力量水平比較彌補 主教材局部活動造成的其它部位活動不都市家教148