科技.探索.爭(zhēng)鳴科技視界項(xiàng)目與課題The Stady of Legislation on the Utilization ofDomestic Sea W aterMIAO Ying- xia WANG Shu- -xun WANG Jing ZHANG Yu- -shan(Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Uilization, SOA, Tianjin 300192,China)[Abstract ]The contradiction between shortage of waler resource and lack of legislation for using seawaler as domestic waler was revealed. Wstarted our work from present situation of legislation for using seawater as domestic water. Necessity and feasibility of legislation for using seawater asdomestic water were explored which contribute to the healthy development of domestic seawater industry.[Key words ]W ater resource; Domestic seawater, Legislation0 IntroductionThe domestic seawater technology which is the technology ofhe increase of construction scale, the unit fixed investment andapplying treated sea water as domestic water (mainly for flushing) is one ofoperational costs are reduced dramatically. Calculations show that whenthe water supply is relatively low, the seawater utilization facilitythe ffective means of addressing coastal cities from fresh water resourceconstruction cost is higher than that of treated surface water andscareity " The present utilization of this technology is subject to limitedgreywater with the same operational cosls. However at large water supply,Under this context, looking for a reliable and fficient method to mitigatethe operational cost of unit domestic seawater is dratically reduced andthe investment on eapacity -related facility is reduced proportinally.this contradiction becomes particularly important.Therefore, even the residential community demos have proven the1 Review of legislation on uilization of domestic seawater technical feasibilily of domestice seawaler technology, the idutrializationof domestie seawater technology is able to demonstrate is economic1.1 Hong Kong legislation on domestie sea water for flushingadvantages only when popularized in large scale.Hong Kong is serious water scarcity city however holding rich sea 2.3 Hong Kong legislation process and resultwater resources. From the late 50's of the last century, Hong Kong hasstarted using the new system with sear water purification, application ofanti -corrosion water supply pipes to popularize domestic sea water forspecification for water system management. It is speified that allflshing 日Aecades of pronoting, about 80% people are now usingbuildings must have one drinking water supply system and one flushingsea water for flushing. The widespread use of sea water in return hassupply system even for the area temporally without seawater supply.reduced the need for fehwater which large fresh waler saving to Hong Where seawuter supply is ailble, it is obigatong to use sewater forKong凹. Since fresh water is so important to Hong Kong and seawaterfushing however forbidden for other application. It is regarded as afushing has been largely popularized, it is natural for the Government tocommitment of an offence if utilze fresh water for flushing or seawater fortake measures to prohibit the waste behavior of using fresh water for other uilization than flushing. Meanwhile, a mulilevel walter chargingfushing thanks to Hong Kong ' 8 comprehensive legislation system.system is implemented by encouraging the citizens and enterprises to1.2 Current statle of mainland China domnestic seawaler uizaion uilized free charge seawater for flushing.legislationRestriet legislation has been effective in promoting tIn recent years, sea waler uilization has received high attention from implementation of seawater for flushing. Today, about 80% ofcentral government and has been listed sin several strategic planning andin Hong Kong utilizes seawater for flushing which result in an annualindustry development guidelines, such as national economy and socialsaving of 300 million tons of fresh water.development strategic planning. encouraged developnThe feasibility of legislation on domestic seawater andeconomy development planning， which provide important support for legislation conceptionseawater utilzation industry development from policy level. However,From technical point of view, the domestic seawater technology isrelated law and regulations are not been legislated.mature enough to set up comprehensive technical specifications. TI2 The necessity of legislation on domestic seawaterresponsibility in the sectors of manufacture, sales, application antreatment of domestie seawater has been clearly defined, which paved the2.1 The maturity of industry development calls for legislationToday, the domestic seawater technology is well understood and3.1 Poliey research on utilization of domestic seawatermastered industrial wise. More and more coastal cities, such as Shenzhen,Implement the promottion of domestic seawater utilization into coastalW eihai, Dalian, Qingdao, Xiamen, have drafted domestic seawater systemcities govermment strategic planning， clarify the objectives andresponsibilities of govermment in promoting domestic seawater and defineFacing the fast -growing need from industrial development, it isfeasible promoting price, finance and taxation policy of domestic seacrucial important to put in place a comprehensive legisation systemwater.which would clarily the rights and responsibilities on domestic sea waterThe construction of seawater utilization infrastructure and thutilization for government, enterprises and citizens.utilization of seawater will increase infrastructure investment and daily2.2 The function of residential community demos and its scalemanagement cost. For real estate developers, the implementation oflimiationdomestic seawater system means the increase of investment(下轉(zhuǎn)第39頁)※基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家海洋局業(yè)務(wù) 化項(xiàng)目(ywh -2013- 06);中央級(jí)公益性科研院所基本科研業(yè)中國(guó)煤化工2013-G10);海洋公益性行業(yè)科研專項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目(201 105026)。作者簡(jiǎn)介:苗英霞(1979- -),女 ,漢族,天津人,工程師,主要研究方向?yàn)楹Ｑ蟓h(huán)境工程。fYHCNM HG20 | 科技視界Science & Technology Vision項(xiàng)目與課題科技視界科技.探索爭(zhēng)鳴多是本科- -年級(jí)新生,對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)知識(shí)的應(yīng)用能力不強(qiáng)，因此教師需要提識(shí)的掌 握和學(xué)習(xí)興趣的提升,并希望能夠引人更多的案例研討課,但供一些討論導(dǎo)向和參考資料，以免學(xué)生不知道從何談起。同時(shí),課堂研討是有 21.3%的學(xué)生認(rèn)為案例的選擇還需要進(jìn)一步 斟酌，部分學(xué)生希望對(duì)教師的課堂掌控能力也提出了更高的要求，教師不僅要控制課堂討論能夠引入一 -些國(guó)外的現(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)案例。的節(jié)奏和討論內(nèi)容的范圍,避免討論中的泛泛而談或是言論偏激、有違第二,性別和大學(xué)所學(xué)專業(yè)對(duì)于學(xué)生的《微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)》課程學(xué)習(xí)積常識(shí),還要及時(shí)、客觀點(diǎn)評(píng)學(xué)生討論的效果,在師生之間建立起一種平極性影響不大, 但是高中階段的文理分科會(huì)影響到學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)效果和等、信任和尊重的氛圍,便于日后教學(xué)工作的開展。學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)。數(shù)據(jù)顯示，理科生對(duì)《微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)》的學(xué)習(xí)興趣要高于文科第三,跟蹤調(diào)查研討式教學(xué)法的教學(xué)效果,以調(diào)查問卷的形式獲生 ,他們也愿意花更多的課余時(shí)間去搜集研討中的案例資料。取學(xué)生對(duì)研討式教學(xué)方法的滿意度和認(rèn)可度。在授課的過程中，我們第三,盡管很多學(xué)生比較認(rèn)同研討式教學(xué)法應(yīng)用于實(shí)踐教學(xué),但是準(zhǔn)備采用情景案例的方式,幫 助學(xué)生理解基本知識(shí)點(diǎn)的含義以及運(yùn)73.2% 的學(xué)生表示課后最多花一個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間去準(zhǔn) 備資料，大部分學(xué)生用，鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)問題,提出猜想，討論熱點(diǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象。在學(xué)期期中的只是把網(wǎng)絡(luò)資料做了簡(jiǎn)單的復(fù)制 粘貼工作,卻很少有學(xué)生愿意花更多卻很少有學(xué)花更多時(shí)候,從學(xué)生感興趣的問題中限定2- 3個(gè)案例,要求學(xué)生在課后搜集時(shí)間做獨(dú) 立的思考和資料的整合工作。63.4%的學(xué)生表示雖然能夠理解相關(guān)信息,嘗試運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)分析和解釋這些經(jīng)濟(jì)問題的原因、影響研討內(nèi)容的 主題但是要在課堂上準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)存在較大難度。和改進(jìn)措施。然后，安排1- -2個(gè)學(xué)時(shí),以課堂分組討論和分組報(bào)告的形第四，幾乎所有的學(xué)生都認(rèn)同了研討式的教學(xué)方法，但是有個(gè)別式,交流學(xué)生思考的心得和研討的結(jié)論，教師在整個(gè)過程中,要盡可能學(xué)生 在課后與教師的單獨(dú)交流中表示,增加研討課會(huì)影響課程進(jìn)度,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn),引導(dǎo)學(xué)生用經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的思維方式考慮現(xiàn)實(shí)問擔(dān)心教 師無法完成教學(xué)工作量。題,最后對(duì)案例進(jìn)行總結(jié)和歸納,加深學(xué)生的印象。在學(xué)期期末的時(shí)綜 上所述,我們認(rèn)為研討式教學(xué)法通過設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)置貼近學(xué)生生活、候,以調(diào)查問卷的形式追蹤學(xué)生對(duì)研討式教學(xué)法的滿意度。問卷調(diào)查富 有吸引力的情境,提出有思考價(jià)值的問題,有利于高校課程教學(xué)的將采取隨堂調(diào)查的形式,可以保證拒訪率不會(huì)太高,而且可以降低一效 果提升,同時(shí),也給教師和學(xué)生提出了更高要求。一-方面 ,要求教師對(duì)一訪談的時(shí)間，成本。問卷調(diào)查主要涉及以下幾個(gè)方面:a)性別;b)高及時(shí)更新知識(shí),關(guān)注社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí),有全面深刻.獨(dú)到的見解,了解學(xué)生原中階段是文科還是理科;c)大學(xué)所學(xué)專業(yè);d)大致花費(fèi)多少時(shí)間用于有 知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)和能力水平;另- -方面,也要求學(xué)生通過查閱資料、研究討研討中案例資料的搜集整理和分析;e)能否融入課堂討論的氛圍中，論.獨(dú)立思考以后嘗試提出解決問題的方法。然而實(shí)踐教學(xué)和問卷調(diào)能否準(zhǔn)備表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn);f)能否將現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中遇到的經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象與經(jīng)查的結(jié)果反映-普遍問題,即對(duì)于大--新生來說,高中應(yīng)試教育時(shí)濟(jì)理論聯(lián)系起來;g)能否適應(yīng)研討式的教學(xué)方法;h.是否認(rèn)同研討式期形 成的學(xué)習(xí)模式,以及文理分科制度會(huì)制約學(xué)生獨(dú)立思考、整合資的教學(xué)方法。，調(diào)查中a-c項(xiàng)從同卷中能夠真實(shí)反映調(diào)查對(duì)象的基本情料的能力。 作為高校教師需要進(jìn)-步提升研討主題的趣味性和現(xiàn)實(shí)況和大致的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu).df項(xiàng)也較為真實(shí)地獲取學(xué)生參與研討式教學(xué)性, 創(chuàng)造學(xué)生與教師之間的思想溝通和觀念碰撞的平臺(tái)，努力打破制的積極性和學(xué)習(xí)微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的興趣,8 h項(xiàng)則屬于人們的內(nèi)部心里信約學(xué)生 想象力和創(chuàng)造力的思維枷鎖。息,比較難以準(zhǔn)確獲知,不排除奉承效應(yīng),可能需要課后教師與部分學(xué)生的單獨(dú)交流,以便更準(zhǔn)確了解學(xué)生的心理狀態(tài)。[參考文獻(xiàn)][1]嚴(yán)飛.《西方經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)》教學(xué)方式改革與實(shí)踐探討[].湖北經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào):人文社3 應(yīng)用研討式教學(xué)法的教學(xué)效果分析會(huì)科學(xué)版, 2008(3):181-182.我們對(duì)湖北經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)人大版《微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)》教材的部分學(xué)生(2)鄭凌燕 案例教學(xué)法在高校教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用初探:以西方經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教學(xué)為例寧進(jìn)行了問卷調(diào)查和個(gè)別訪談。從這些調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)中能夠大致窺探研討式波教育學(xué)院:學(xué)20():3-33“體 o業(yè)[3]鄭敏案 例教學(xué)法在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) 教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用J]文教資料, 2006(7):37-38.教學(xué)法應(yīng)用于高校課程教學(xué)的實(shí)際效果，以利于- -線教師改進(jìn)教學(xué)方[4]鄒曉消.研討式教學(xué)法在《微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)》中的應(yīng)用與實(shí)踐]襄陽職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)法和教學(xué)手段。第一, 在與學(xué)生的交流過程中，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生普遍認(rèn)同在學(xué)習(xí)過院學(xué)報(bào),2013(2)118-120.程中引人研討式教學(xué)法.92.3%的學(xué)生認(rèn)為情景案例教學(xué)法有利于知[責(zé)任編輯:丁艷](_上接第20頁)on certain pipe works.sea water operational activities.Sea water utilization is a project with environmental and socialIt is highly recommended to reference Hong Kong's experience onbenefits. Promote seawater utilization to smooth freshwater scarcity is legislation process t0 set up domestic seawater infrastructure constructiongovermmental act and should be sponsored by the whole society than toand operational specifications with domestic seawater environmentalFerhesalesandbe borme entirely by the consumer. Hence, considerations should be impact asessmentapplication of seawater with demonstration of fairness. In addition to documented with strict monitoring system for sales qualification,constrictive regulations, preferential policies for infrastrueture construetion subcontract conditions and regulations to be able to encourage reasonableand water price is also necessary.and rational use of domestie seawater.3.2 Principles on domestic seawater4 ConclusionPrinciples on domestic seawater legislation:Respect national and local current law and regulations.Presently, the indutrial technical specification system framework ofFairness rllected in politis and economice policies, especially for uilizaion of domestic sea waler has been formed, the key players andconsumers which are subject to obligatory utilization.legal responsibilities have been clarified which paved the way forOperational feasibility compatible with local speeific situation.necessity and feasibility for legislation. Legislation can be practiced inMarket operation princeiple.certain scope to promote the healthy and rapid development in thisIntegrated planning with uilizatin greywater and other reycled water. field. ( Sand material.[ References]Legislation on utilization of domestic seawater needs firstly to clarily [ 1]Kang Liuilization propect of seawater tiltushing[].cag Exloitation,the production and treatment uilities' qualification. Domestic seawater 2003, 20(6):17-19.treatment uility should have sea waler contained water treatment [2]Total w ater Management in Hong Kong[M].Hong Kong Water supplies Depart-capacities, which are either municipal sewage water treatment plant orment, 2010.[3]Microsoft PowerPoint- seawaePPT1 Hone Kone W ater supolies Department,qualified residential community property management utility. Seawater2010.中國(guó)煤化工supply and sewage seawater treatment enterprises must be qualified byrelated municipal administration department before carry out domesticHY HC N M H G在編輯:湯靜]Science & Technology Vision科技視界| 39