中國(guó)給水排水2004Vol.20CHINA WATER WASTEWATER設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)咚 88s智污水管網(wǎng)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)張新波!,趙新華,從月賓2(1.天津大學(xué)環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,天津3000723;2.天津市市政工程建設(shè)公司,天津300070)摘要:對(duì)于污水管網(wǎng)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì),采用了圖論中樹形結(jié)構(gòu)的理論來(lái)描述污水管網(wǎng),提出用三叉樹的形式來(lái)處理污水管網(wǎng)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu),把管段當(dāng)作樹的節(jié)點(diǎn)作為研究對(duì)象;利用樹的遍歷中的后序法(即節(jié)點(diǎn)遞歸算法)進(jìn)行水力計(jì)算,在優(yōu)化計(jì)算時(shí)采取了枚舉標(biāo)準(zhǔn)管徑法來(lái)選取管徑,可以提高運(yùn)算速度;在優(yōu)化程序中尋求造價(jià)最低、最優(yōu)的同時(shí)考慮了管道費(fèi)用和泵站費(fèi)用。采用Delφhi語(yǔ)言編制了污水管網(wǎng)優(yōu)化程序,并且用夭津某一小區(qū)的污水管網(wǎng)對(duì)此程序進(jìn)行了實(shí)例考核。其優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)思路可推廣到雨水管道。關(guān)鍵詞:污水管網(wǎng);樹形結(jié)構(gòu);后序法;優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)中圖分類號(hào):TU992文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:C文章編號(hào):1000-4602(2004)12-0056-04Optimization Design of Sewer NetworkZHANG Xin-bo. ZHAO Xin-hua. CONG Yue-bin1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianyin University, Tianyin 300072, China;2. Tianjin Municipal Engineering Construction Co., Tianyin 300070, ChinaAbstract: With respect to the optimization design of sewer network, tree structured theory was usedsewer network, temary tree form was proposed to treat the sewer network structure, and pipesection was regarded as node in this study. The post-order transversal (nodal recursive algorithm)was applied to make hydraulic calculation In optimization of calculation, pipe diameter was selected by enumerating the standard pipe diameter, so as to raise the operational speed. Both the lowest and optimal construction cost and the cost of pipe and pump station shall be considered in optimizing program. Delphi languagewas used for programming the optimizer of sewer network. The program was checked by sewer network ina village of Tianjin. The optimizing philosophy can also be used in storm sewer design.Key words sewer network; tree structure; post-order transversal; optimization design1三叉樹形結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)布局必為樹狀結(jié)構(gòu),但是目前多數(shù)污水管網(wǎng)的計(jì)污水管網(wǎng)由支管流入干管,再由主干管流入水算程序沒有利用圖論中的樹形結(jié)構(gòu)理論來(lái)獲得和存體或污水處理廠,管渠系統(tǒng)由小到大分布類似樹枝儲(chǔ)管網(wǎng)信息數(shù)據(jù),故難以掌握整個(gè)污水管網(wǎng)的信息狀,管渠內(nèi)的流量也由小到大,因此污水管網(wǎng)呈樹形以及節(jié)點(diǎn)與管段的銜接關(guān)系,在多管段交叉點(diǎn)處也網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)。陳森發(fā)等論證了城市排水管網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的最難以通過(guò)自動(dòng)判斷和計(jì)算確定上、下游管段的有關(guān)基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(50178046)2004Vol.20中國(guó)給水排水No.12標(biāo)高等水力參數(shù)息中,即存儲(chǔ)在圖3中的Info中。通過(guò)研究樹以及二叉樹的樹形結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)現(xiàn),樹形把管段當(dāng)作樹形結(jié)構(gòu)的節(jié)點(diǎn)(把管段的起始點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)適合于描述污水管網(wǎng),雖然二叉樹和樹之間可與管段當(dāng)作一個(gè)整體)作為研究對(duì)象,利用樹形結(jié)以互相轉(zhuǎn)化即污水管網(wǎng)的樹形網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)最終可以構(gòu)的數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)方式描述管網(wǎng)形狀,用周游樹中的后轉(zhuǎn)化成二又樹并用之來(lái)描述污水管網(wǎng)但是實(shí)際應(yīng)序法即節(jié)點(diǎn)遞歸法進(jìn)行水力計(jì)算,經(jīng)一次計(jì)算即可用比較繁瑣。針對(duì)污水管網(wǎng)一般最多是四段管段相完成對(duì)整個(gè)管網(wǎng)計(jì)算的優(yōu)化,并且還可有效地控制銜接的情況提出簡(jiǎn)單實(shí)用的三叉樹的概念來(lái)表示某些節(jié)點(diǎn)的水力參數(shù);另外樹形結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)方式污水管網(wǎng)的結(jié)構(gòu)。在樹形結(jié)構(gòu)的概念中,最主要的容易判斷有無(wú)分支,且自動(dòng)判斷每個(gè)管段的流向,可就是樹形結(jié)構(gòu)的周游和存儲(chǔ)。因?yàn)槲鬯芫W(wǎng)的計(jì)算是從上游到下游依次進(jìn)行,因此可以采用遍歷樹中以從任意一段管段開始重新進(jìn)行計(jì)算。的后序法(即節(jié)點(diǎn)遞歸法)來(lái)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化計(jì)算。以圖12費(fèi)用模型所示的污水管網(wǎng)為例,轉(zhuǎn)換成樹形結(jié)構(gòu)后的形態(tài)見在對(duì)污水管網(wǎng)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化計(jì)算時(shí),最終的優(yōu)化計(jì)圖2,用在節(jié)點(diǎn)內(nèi)設(shè)置指針指向該節(jié)點(diǎn)子女的方式算結(jié)果是通過(guò)尋求費(fèi)用最低而得出來(lái)的。表示樹,則每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)內(nèi)設(shè)置三個(gè)指針字段每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)污水管網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)的費(fèi)用是整個(gè)管網(wǎng)在服務(wù)年限內(nèi)的數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)見圖3。的基建投資和經(jīng)營(yíng)費(fèi)用現(xiàn)值的總和(主要包括管網(wǎng)投資、泵站投資及運(yùn)行費(fèi)用)。程序設(shè)計(jì)采用如下形式的費(fèi)用函數(shù)C=(點(diǎn)C+On)+k)式中C—整個(gè)管網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)總費(fèi)用的現(xiàn)值,元L—各管段的長(zhǎng)度,mk——運(yùn)營(yíng)費(fèi)用折算成現(xiàn)值的現(xiàn)值系數(shù)Y—各泵站的運(yùn)營(yíng)費(fèi)用可取其主要部分圖1部分污水管網(wǎng)圖(電費(fèi))代替,元/座Fig. 1 Some part of a sewer networkm,n——分別為系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的管段數(shù)和泵站數(shù)C,C分別為各管段和各泵站的單價(jià)3節(jié)點(diǎn)遞歸算法與優(yōu)化計(jì)算污水管網(wǎng)的水力計(jì)算按照重力流進(jìn)行。把管段當(dāng)作節(jié)點(diǎn)作為研究對(duì)象并采用節(jié)點(diǎn)遞歸算法中的后序法進(jìn)行優(yōu)化計(jì)算,其優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于無(wú)論污水管網(wǎng)的規(guī)模大小都適用,不僅適用于新建管網(wǎng)的設(shè)計(jì),更能適用于多數(shù)城市污水管網(wǎng)的擴(kuò)建工程。節(jié)點(diǎn)遞歸算法的步驟如下①?gòu)臄?shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中尋找整個(gè)污水管網(wǎng)最末端的節(jié)圖2污水管網(wǎng)轉(zhuǎn)化為三叉樹的樹形結(jié)構(gòu)點(diǎn)(即管網(wǎng)最后一個(gè)管段)依次往前尋找,一直找Fig 2 3-Ray tree shaped structure of the sewer network到整個(gè)管網(wǎng)的起始節(jié)點(diǎn)(起始管段),并記錄整個(gè)管Link網(wǎng)的形狀。Mlink②判斷是否為起點(diǎn)管段若是則轉(zhuǎn)③繼續(xù),否則轉(zhuǎn)④繼續(xù)。圖3數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)③根據(jù)服務(wù)面積計(jì)算管段本段流量,并判斷Fig 3 Data structure of 3-ray tree有無(wú)集中流量算出此管段的設(shè)計(jì)流量。按起點(diǎn)埋對(duì)于圖2,用后序法進(jìn)行周游的結(jié)構(gòu)為:深直接進(jìn)行水力計(jì)算,同時(shí)計(jì)算出管道費(fèi)用,找出下GJFEKLIHDBCA。管段的所有信息都存儲(chǔ)在節(jié)點(diǎn)信游節(jié)點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)②繼續(xù)。2004Vol.20中國(guó)給水排水④判斷其上游管段是否計(jì)算完畢,若是則轉(zhuǎn)通過(guò)費(fèi)用比較得出最小費(fèi)用下的污水管網(wǎng)的各項(xiàng)數(shù)⑤繼續(xù),否則轉(zhuǎn)②繼續(xù)。據(jù),并得出經(jīng)濟(jì)埋深。埋深限制設(shè)置了4、4.5、5、5⑤搜尋該節(jié)點(diǎn)上游所有的管段根據(jù)所有上566.5m六個(gè)數(shù)值,通過(guò)比較得出:當(dāng)最大埋深限游管段流量和本段流量計(jì)算該管段的設(shè)計(jì)流量;確制為6m時(shí)整個(gè)管網(wǎng)的造價(jià)最低,即6m為整個(gè)管定該節(jié)點(diǎn)所有上游管段中最大埋深或最小管內(nèi)底標(biāo)網(wǎng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)埋深。計(jì)算結(jié)果見表1。高的管段,并記下其管徑和管內(nèi)底標(biāo)高以及最小水面標(biāo)高、流速等必要的水力參數(shù),找出下游管段并進(jìn)行水力計(jì)算,同時(shí)根據(jù)埋深限制是否加提升泵站;計(jì)算管段費(fèi)用如有提升泵站計(jì)算提升泵站的費(fèi)用,找出計(jì)算管段的下游節(jié)點(diǎn),返②繼續(xù)。⑥所有管段計(jì)算完畢后計(jì)算污水管網(wǎng)的總費(fèi)Q230用⑦比較不同埋深限制下的污水管網(wǎng)費(fèi)用,尋求最優(yōu)。結(jié)束。34工程實(shí)例以天津市東麗區(qū)某一小區(qū)的污水管網(wǎng)(見圖4)為例,整個(gè)污水管網(wǎng)共包括36個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)、35根設(shè)計(jì)管圖4天津市某小區(qū)污水管網(wǎng)布量圖使用該優(yōu)化程序?qū)Υ诵^(qū)的污水管網(wǎng)進(jìn)行了計(jì)Fig 4 Layout of the sewer network of a residential算,求出了不同埋深限制下的管道費(fèi)用和泵站費(fèi)用area in tianjin表1優(yōu)化計(jì)算結(jié)果Tab. 1 The result of optimal calculation編號(hào)(m)(Lm)(m)(m)充滿度售內(nèi)底標(biāo)高(m)埋深(m)管段管段長(zhǎng)度設(shè)計(jì)流量管徑流速總造價(jià)上端下端上端下端10-11141249,830.800.790.602412.303.543.63144997-8203160.670700760.543.563.372.5326813846493-41703730500720311:81.5142746317110590.365.003211.202.9770912.6275.340600740.390360.265.645679271.7774.23600730391.200364905.6476170.9%432-353555920400720592.281403:874704382308「30-311203410.200.700.555004.521.201.67137007031-32792690.400710344.322.381.873m363703.1220620402936-320013.150.300700324833.981.302.12427.8215-62134330.400720481:180764945.3424860014-150.4004216.83024802751.403.396.860.200700.364954.181.201.%17513.9317-152103170200.700.554.924.081.2020332138651880.200700.32482.471.203.591905180.850.800.780.602.862413143.54573272.5070.180.700.70.563352.962.703.04315708.5625156.870.700750.33.763562342.531569631122.660.444.433.821.702.282862983.882004Vol.20中國(guó)給水排水No.12續(xù)表1管段管段長(zhǎng)度設(shè)計(jì)流量管徑流述充滿度管內(nèi)庭標(biāo)高m)里(m總造價(jià)mn上端下端上端下端0730406741.4310.23700454954.201.201.9323656.281925.680.200.700.325003.481.202.70489428-979.941821.554.24445214199.32161944.21207508.8325-2650460400710553.312.362.82374330824-254019.490.4000084753411.40272_12870607430.200.700.364903971.202.1326168.7029-2817530400.700.354713471.4025911081889422-54540.500.710.363492:152713.98530275621-2207.450.200700.365.00371.202.4140765232102800.200.70.55500461.202043236.1311-1250306.120.900.582.202.163.733.7461517.73L9859121.225結(jié)論的同時(shí),增加了人機(jī)對(duì)話功能加強(qiáng)了設(shè)計(jì)人員對(duì)管①提出用三叉樹來(lái)描述污水管網(wǎng),把管段當(dāng)網(wǎng)計(jì)算的宏觀控制與局部干預(yù),使污水管網(wǎng)的設(shè)計(jì)作樹形結(jié)構(gòu)的節(jié)點(diǎn)作為研究對(duì)象,采用樹形結(jié)構(gòu)的得以進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化。該程序適用于任何規(guī)模的污水管數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)方式來(lái)存儲(chǔ)管網(wǎng)數(shù)據(jù)描述管網(wǎng)形狀,運(yùn)用網(wǎng)的優(yōu)化計(jì)算。其程序設(shè)計(jì)思路還可推廣到雨水管了遍歷樹中的后序法(即節(jié)點(diǎn)遞歸算法)來(lái)進(jìn)行污計(jì)算的優(yōu)化,并且還可有效地控制某些節(jié)點(diǎn)的水力的話為排水管網(wǎng)的全局優(yōu)化提供了一種有效道的優(yōu)化水管網(wǎng)優(yōu)化計(jì)算,經(jīng)一次計(jì)算即可完成對(duì)整個(gè)管網(wǎng)參數(shù)。而且用樹形結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)方式容易判斷有無(wú)分支,且自動(dòng)判斷每個(gè)管段的流向并可以從任意參考文獻(xiàn):[1]陳森發(fā)朱德炯顧興富等城市排水管網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)布局段管段開始重新進(jìn)行計(jì)算。的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)[門],運(yùn)籌與管理,19976(2):38-42②在管網(wǎng)優(yōu)化計(jì)算時(shí)采取了枚舉標(biāo)準(zhǔn)管徑法來(lái)選取管徑大大提高了運(yùn)算速度;針對(duì)目前大多數(shù)2]伊學(xué)農(nóng),劉遂慶節(jié)點(diǎn)遞歸算法用于污水管網(wǎng)的優(yōu)化排水管網(wǎng)優(yōu)化軟件在優(yōu)化計(jì)算時(shí)只是考慮了管道費(fèi)[3y]周玉文趙洪賓排水管網(wǎng)理論與計(jì)算[M],北京:中用的缺點(diǎn),該程序在比較造價(jià)最低尋求最優(yōu)時(shí)同時(shí)國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社,2000考慮了管道費(fèi)用和泵站費(fèi)用這使得優(yōu)化計(jì)算結(jié)果(4]費(fèi)忠民實(shí)用污水管網(wǎng)計(jì)算軟件的設(shè)計(jì)和應(yīng)用[蘇更為合理州城建環(huán)保學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2000,13(4):80-84.③釆用 Delphi語(yǔ)言來(lái)編寫污水管網(wǎng)優(yōu)化計(jì)5]王同勝計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)及應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)[M]天津:天津大學(xué)算軟件,充分利用了Deph語(yǔ)言的可視化功能,引出版社,1999進(jìn)了數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)“記錄”的概念,管網(wǎng)原始數(shù)據(jù)的輸人管段的計(jì)算結(jié)果、計(jì)算結(jié)果修改后的數(shù)據(jù)都可以作電話:(022)27400830為“記錄”實(shí)時(shí)存入數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)該優(yōu)化程序在滿足規(guī)范E-mail:zhangxinbo78@hotmail.com限定的約束條件對(duì)各管段的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化選擇收稿日期:2004-07-16歡迎訂閱中國(guó)給水排水雜志