印度尼西亞的電力部門面臨許多挑戰(zhàn)，特別是需要滿足不斷增長的電力需求并為偏遠地區(qū)的消費者提供服務(wù)。印尼目前的能源結(jié)構(gòu)以煤炭為主，并給公共健康和環(huán)境帶來負面影響。印尼電力部門的核心是PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara（PLN），這是一家國有電力公司，經(jīng)營著大多數(shù)發(fā)電機，并且是電力傳輸，分配和零售的唯一提供商。本文按照國際可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究所全球補貼計劃開發(fā)的金融可持續(xù)性電力部門（FSES）分析框架，回顧了印度尼西亞電力部門以財務(wù)可持續(xù)的方式滿足印尼電力需求的能力。該報告分析了電力部門支付成本，提供可靠需求，進行必要投資以及按照環(huán)境和社會規(guī)范運作的能力。主要發(fā)現(xiàn)如下：?盡管政府努力逐步提高電價，但補貼仍是PLN收入的重要組成部分，在彌合電力銷售成本與收入之間的差距方面起著至關(guān)重要的作用。 ?補貼主要用于人口密度較高的地區(qū)。這與增加電力供應(yīng)的目標有些矛盾。 ?跟蹤電力和需求的指標的積極發(fā)展以及供應(yīng)質(zhì)量的整體改善反映了對印尼電力行業(yè)的投資。但是，該國在區(qū)域一級遇到了顯著差異。應(yīng)當解決輸配電領(lǐng)域的瓶頸，以改善服務(wù)欠缺地區(qū)的服務(wù)。 ?政府為促進投資所做的努力已導(dǎo)致大量部署新能力。鑒于快速增長，重要的是要監(jiān)視投資的效率，并確保投資能夠滿足消費者的需求，并與增加可持續(xù)電力作用的目標相一致。 ?印尼電力部門最大的挑戰(zhàn)也許是超越提供電力，以可持續(xù)的方式提供電力。盡管增加電力領(lǐng)域可再生能源份額的目標一致，但部署更多可再生能源的努力卻進展緩慢，目前尚無法確定能否實現(xiàn)當前目標。該國還應(yīng)研究到2020年實現(xiàn)近乎通用的電力供應(yīng)的最有效方法，并根據(jù)偏遠島嶼的可再生能源發(fā)電能力評估分散發(fā)電的潛力?？偠灾?，電力部門可持續(xù)性的主要挑戰(zhàn)包括繼續(xù)使用補貼來支撐電力部門，以及對煤炭滿足需求的日益依賴，這對城市地區(qū)的健康產(chǎn)生了嚴重影響，并通過碳排放給社會造成了成本。煤炭生產(chǎn)的“真實成本”應(yīng)考慮到電價中，包括煤炭使用的環(huán)境外部性。
Indonesia’s power sector faces a number of challenges, notably the need to meet rising demand for electricity and to serve consumers in geographically remote regions. Indonesia’s energy mix is currently dominated by coal, with attendant negative public health and environmental impacts. At the heart of Indonesia’s power sector is PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN), the state-owned electricity company that operates most of the power generators and is the sole provider of transmission, distribution and retail sales of electricity. This paper reviews the ability of the Indonesian electricity sector to meet Indonesia’s need for electricity in a financially sustainable way, following the Financial Sustainability Electricity Sector (FSES) analytical framework developed by the International Institute for Sustainable Development’s Global Subsidies Initiative. The report analyzes the ability of the power sector to cover costs, to provide reliable demand, to make necessary investments and to operate according to environmental and social norms. The key findings are as follows: ? Despite the government’s efforts to increase electricity tariffs over time, subsidies are still an important part of PLN’s revenues, playing an essential role in bridging the gap between costs and revenues from electricity sales. ? Subsidies are predominantly being paid to areas with higher population densities. This is somewhat at odds with the objective to increase access to electricity. ? Investments in Indonesia’s power sector are being reflected in the positive evolution of indicators tracking capacity and demand and in the overall improvement of supply quality. However, the country experiences remarkable differences at the regional level. Bottlenecks in the transmission and distribution sector should be addressed to improve service in underserved regions. ? The government’s efforts to promote investment have led to significant deployment of new capacity. Given the rapid growth, it is important to monitor the efficiency of the investments and ensure that they meet the needs of consumers, and are consistent with targets to increase the role for sustainable electricity. ? Perhaps the largest challenge for Indonesia’s electricity sector is to move beyond providing electricity to delivering electricity in a sustainable manner. Despite well-aligned targets to increase the share of renewables in the power sector, efforts to deploy more renewable energy have been slow and it is far from certain that current targets will be reached. The country should also study the most efficient way to achieve near-universal access to electricity by 2020, evaluating the potential of decentralized generation based on renewable capacity for remote islands. To conclude, key challenges for sustainability in the power sector include the continued use of subsidies to prop up the sector and the increasing reliance on coal to meet demand, which poses serious health impacts in urban areas and costs to society through carbon emissions. The “true cost” of coal generation should be considered in the price of electricity, including the environmental externalities of coal use.
-
石油化工自動控制設(shè)計手冊（第四版） 黃步余 化工出版社 2020年 2021-09-09
-
化工裝置實用操作技術(shù)指南 韓文光2001年化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社 2021-09-09
-
HAZOP分析方法及實踐 粟鎮(zhèn)宇 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社2018年 2021-09-09
-
工業(yè)除塵設(shè)備設(shè)計手冊 張殿印 申麗 化工出版社 2012年 2021-09-09
-
加拿大煤炭開采Coal Mining in Canada 2021-09-09
-
化工節(jié)能技術(shù)手冊 王文堂 2006年化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社 2021-09-09
-
年終總結(jié)新年計劃工作匯報PPT模板 2021-09-09